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Network Information Centre or NIC
DNS
Top-level domains
Second level domains
Registration Policy
ICANN
Domain Allocation
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Domain registration
A domain name registry, also called Network Information Centre (NIC), is part of
the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet which converts domain names to IP addresses. It is an
organisation that manages the registration of Domain names within the top-level domains
for which it is responsible, controls the policies of domain name allocation, and technically
operates its top-level domain. It is potentially distinct from a domain name registrar.
Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA),
which manages the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in the root nameservers.
IANA also operates the .int registry for intergovernmental organisations, the .arpa zone for protocol
administration purposes, and other critical zones such as root-servers.net. IANA delegates all other
domain name authority to other domain name registries such as VeriSign.
Country code top-level domains (ccTLD) are delegated by IANA to national registries such as
DENIC in Germany, or Nominet in the United Kingdom.
Some name registries are government departments (e.g., the registry for the Vatican www.nic.va ).
Some are co-operatives of internet service providers (such as DENIC) or not-for profit companies
(such as Nominet UK). Others operate as commercial organizations, such as the US registry (www.nic.us).
The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use of the Whois system and
via their Domain name servers. Some registries sell the names directly (like SWITCH in Switzerland) and
others rely on separate entities to sell them. For example, names in the .com TLD are in some sense sold
"wholesale" at a regulated price by VeriSign, and individual domain name registrar sell names "retail"
to businesses and consumers.
Allocation policies
Generally, domain name registries operate a first-come-first-served system of allocation but may reject
the allocation of specific domains on the basis of political, religious, historical, legal or cultural
reasons. For example, in the United States, between 1996 and 1998, InterNIC automatically rejected domain
name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities. Registries may also control matters of interest
to their local communities: for example, the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced
internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCII characters.
Dispute policies
Domains which are registered with ICANN registrars, generally have to use the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution
Policy (UDRP), however, DENIC requires people to use the German civil courts, and Nominet UK deals with Intellectual
Property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service.
Cost of registration
The cost of domain registration is set by each individual registry.
Second-level domains
Domain name registries may also impose a system of second-level domains on users. DENIC, the registry for Germany (.de),
does not impose second level domains. AFNIC, the registry for France (.fr), has some second level domains, but not all
registrants have to use them, and Nominet UK, the registry for the United Kingdom (.uk), requires all names to have a
second level domain. Registrants of second-level domains sometimes act as a registry by offering sub-registrations
to their registration. For example, registrations to .fami.ly are offered by the registrant of fami.ly and not by
GPTC, the registry for Libya (.ly).
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